Overview
Male reproductive organs, called testicles or testes, reside within a sac of skin known as the scrotum. Testicles have two main functions: to produce the male hormone testosterone and to make sperm.
Testicular cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the testicles. It occurs when cells in one or both testicles grow abnormally. Though rare, it most commonly affects males between the ages of 15 and 45.
Causes of Testicular Cancer
- Genetic syndromes like Klinefelter’s syndrome
- Cryptorchidism or undescended testicles
- Family history
- HIV infection
Symptoms of Testicular Cancer
- Lump or enlargement in the testicles
- An ache in the abdomen or groin region
- Pain or discomfort in the testicles
- Back pain
- Feeling of numbness
- Swelling in one or both legs
Prevention of Testicular Cancer
There is no known way to prevent testicular cancer. However, it is essential to perform a monthly self-exam. During the self-exam, individuals should look for lumps that may be pea-sized or larger — often painless.
Diagnosis of Testicular Cancer
- Ultrasound: Uses sound waves to create an image of the scrotum and testicles. It helps determine whether lumps are solid or fluid-filled and if they are inside or outside the testicle.
- Blood Tests: Measures tumour marker levels in the blood. Abnormally high levels may indicate cancer.
- CT Scan: Involves X-rays of the abdomen, chest, and pelvis to detect whether the cancer has spread (metastasized).
Treatment of Testicular Cancer
1. Surgery
Surgery is one of the primary treatments. Typically, surgeons remove the affected testicle along with the spermatic cord. In some early-stage cases, only the tumour may be removed while preserving one testicle.
2. Radiation Therapy
Uses high-energy beams to destroy cancer cells in the testes or nearby lymph nodes. Usually recommended when cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
3. Chemotherapy
Used when cancer has spread beyond the testes. It involves drugs that kill cancer cells or stop them from dividing further.
Takeaway
Testicular cancer, though rare, is highly treatable — especially when detected early. Awareness and regular self-examination play a key role in early diagnosis.
If you notice any changes, lumps, or discomfort in your testicles, consult a healthcare professional promptly. Early intervention leads to better outcomes and faster recovery.