Overview
Cervical cancer occurs in the cells of the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects it to the vagina. It develops when cervical cells undergo abnormal changes and begin to grow uncontrollably. The disease can affect deeper tissues of the cervix and spread to other areas of the body.
All women are at risk of cervical cancer, especially those over 30 years of age. Most cases are caused by the Human Papillomavirus (HPV), a sexually transmitted infection. Fortunately, HPV infection can often be prevented through timely vaccination.
Causes of Cervical Cancer
- Human Papillomavirus (HPV-16 and HPV-18)
- HIV infection
- Chlamydia infection
- Obesity
- Long-term use of oral contraceptives
- Family history
Symptoms of Cervical Cancer
- Unusual bleeding
- Pain in the pelvis
- Frequent urination
- Painful urination
- Unusual vaginal discharge
- Painful intercourse
- Heavier and longer menstrual bleeding than usual
Prevention
- Timely vaccination
- Limit the number of sexual partners
- Practice safe sex
Diagnosis of Cervical Cancer
- Pap test: The doctor collects cells from the cervix to examine for abnormalities or cancerous changes.
- HPV DNA Test: Tests cervical cells for infection with high-risk HPV types.
- Biopsy: A small tissue sample is removed from the cervix for laboratory examination.
- Imaging tests: CT, MRI, X-ray, or PET scans help determine if cancer has spread beyond the cervix.
Treatment of Cervical Cancer
1. Surgery
Aims to remove the tumor; in advanced cases, the uterus and cervix may also be removed.
2. Radiation Therapy
Uses high-energy X-rays to kill or stop cancer cells from dividing. Treatment type and duration depend on the cancer stage.
3. Chemotherapy
Involves drugs that stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing them or preventing them from dividing. It can be administered orally or intravenously.
4. Targeted Therapy
Uses specialized drugs that precisely attack cancer cells without harming healthy tissue.
5. Immunotherapy
Boosts the body’s immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells using immune-activating substances.
Takeaway
Cervical cancer is one of the most preventable and treatable cancers when detected early. Regular screening and HPV vaccination are key to reducing the risk.
Awareness, timely medical intervention, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle empower women to safeguard themselves against this disease.