Overview
Brain cancer is the abnormal growth that originates in the brain, or it can also be a metastatic tumour that has spread to the brain from distant parts of the body.
Brain cancer can occur in any tissue within the skull – including the brain, cranial nerves, pituitary gland, meninges, or the pineal gland. Tumours are not always cancerous; some are benign, but their growth can still lead to serious problems.
Causes of Brain Cancer
- Ionization Radiation: High doses of radiation that cause cell damage.
- Family History: Certain genetic syndromes increase the risk of brain tumours.
- Long-term Smoking: Prolonged smoking exposure may raise the risk.
- Chemical Exposure: Pesticides, fertilizers, or herbicides exposure.
- Occupational Hazards: Working with lead, plastic, rubber, or petroleum increases susceptibility.
Symptoms of Brain Cancer
The signs and symptoms depend on the tumour’s size, location, and aggressiveness. Common symptoms include:
- Lack of coordination and balance
- Speech and vision issues
- Abnormal eye movements
- Muscle twitching or jerking
- Nausea and vomiting
- Severe headaches, often worse in the morning
- Seizures
- Numbness in arms or legs
Types of Brain Cancer
1. Gliomas and Related Tumours
Gliomas develop from glial cells that support nerve cells. Most gliomas are malignant. Subtypes include astrocytoma, glioblastoma, oligodendroglioma, and ependymoma.
2. Choroid Plexus Tumours
These begin in cells that produce cerebrospinal fluid and are more common in children.
3. Embryonal Tumours
Originating from residual fetal cells, these are mostly seen in babies and young children.
4. Nerve Tumours
These grow in or around the nerves and are among the most common brain tumour types.
Prevention of Brain Cancer
Though brain cancer cannot always be prevented, adopting healthy habits may help reduce risk:
- Avoid radiation therapies unless medically necessary
- Maintain regular and adequate sleep
- Avoid tobacco and smoking
- Eat a balanced, nutritious diet
- Maintain a healthy weight
- Limit long-term sun exposure
- Know your family history
- Get regular health checkups
Diagnosis of Brain Cancer
Diagnosis involves several physical and imaging tests to confirm tumour presence and type:
- Physical exam
- Eye and hearing tests
- Balance and coordination checks
- Skin sensation testing
- Gag reflex examination
Imaging and Diagnostic Procedures:
- CT Scan: Produces 3D images of internal structures using X-rays.
- MRI: Uses magnetic waves for detailed imaging of brain tissues.
- Biopsy: A sample tissue is removed for microscopic examination.
- PET Scan: A radioactive tracer highlights tumour cells for precise detection.
Treatment of Brain Cancer
1. Surgery
Surgeons attempt to remove as much of the tumour as possible. If full removal isn’t possible, a biopsy is performed for diagnosis.
2. Chemotherapy
Used for high-grade brain cancers, often alongside surgery or radiation therapy.
3. Neurosurgery
A specialized surgery focusing on the brain and spinal cord, aiming for complete tumour removal.
4. Radiation Therapy
Employs high-energy beams to destroy tumour cells and manage symptoms.
5. Targeted Therapy
Uses drugs specifically designed to attack cancer cells without damaging healthy tissue.
Takeaway
Brain cancer can be life-threatening, but early diagnosis, proper treatment, and lifestyle changes can greatly improve outcomes.
Awareness and timely medical evaluation are key to managing this complex disease and maintaining quality of life.